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The Telos of Design

Understanding the Whole as Radically Designable

Reading time: approx. 3′ 48″

Avoiding Design
Critical Thinking
Design Education
Design Ethics
Design Theory
Occam's Razor
Problem Discovery
System Thinking
Wicked Problems

Aristotelian Philosophy and Design

The concept of "telos”, as described in Aristotle's writings, signifies the ultimate purpose or goal. In design, telos encompasses both goal-oriented actions and intrinsic passion activities. Aristotle highlights that activities are meaningful only if they serve a final purpose. This philosophical underpinning is crucial for understanding the broader implications of design work, which should ideally be driven by a passion (Eros) to achieve something good and solve problems through directed actions.

Ethics and Design

The ultimate goal and purpose of design should be grounded in ethical considerations. Good design should not only focus on aesthetics and functionality but also on its ethical goodness. The ethical foundation of design is paramount, as it ensures that design practices contribute positively to society and do not inadvertently cause harm.

Two primary types of designers can be indentified:

1. Solution Creator:

Task-oriented and focused on optimizing existing processes. They are adept at using design tools to create tangible and visible results, typically engaging in low to medium complexity development processes. They work within defined parameters to enhance products, services, and systems.

2. Problem Discoverer:

Exploration-oriented, engaging in systemic thinking, exploring new fields, technologies, and behaviors. Their approach involves questioning and discovering problems that are complex and initially undefined. They specialize in addressing „wicked problems,“ which require innovative and open-ended solutions.

Systems and Scenarios

In times of rapid technological and social change, systems thinking and scenario design is important. Designers must go beyond traditional task-oriented approaches and engage in holistic thinking to address complex problems. This involves defining the problem accurately (analysis) and envisioning future environments where solutions must be tested (projection). Systems thinking and scenario design are essential components of this extended methodological approach.

Growing demand

The demand for skilled designers is increasing, driven by the digital transformation and the strategic importance of design at the C-level in large companies. A shift in design education is called for to produce designers who are not only proficient in design tools but also capable of systemic and strategic thinking. These designers should be able to address complex global challenges and contribute to the digital transformation of industries.

Design decisions are inherently ethical because designers have a responsibility to consider the broader impact of their work on society and the environment. Mark Wigley states, "Every design decision is ethical," highlighting the moral dimensions of design practice.

Avoiding Design

One critical idea is the concept of "avoiding design." Sometimes the best design decision is to refrain from creating a new product altogether. Instead, designers should focus on sustainability, reducing waste, and improving existing systems. This approach challenges the traditional view of design as a means of creating new products and underscores the importance of ethical and sustainable design practices.

Critical perspectives on the role of design in society. Birgit Bauer criticized the impact of design on global capitalism, arguing that design often contributes to negative outcomes. Mike Monteiro takes this critique further, asserting that "design is a political act" and highlighting the responsibility of designers in shaping the world. He points out that designers have created harmful products and systems and stresses the need for a more responsible and ethical approach to design.

A fundamental rethinking of design practices is necessary. Focus should be on "Problem Design," "Avoiding Design," and other forms of design that prioritize ethical considerations and the well-being of society. This reorientation of design practices involves questioning the necessity of new products and focusing on improving and sustaining existing systems.

Design is a cognitive and mental exercise that requires systematic doubt and objectification. Designers must engage in reflective thinking and questioning to address complex problems effectively. This involves generating alternative solutions, identifying patterns, and exploring tasks comprehensively. Design is not merely an aesthetic or entertainment tool but a strategic mindset and economic problem-solving approach.

Conclusion

The future of design lies in cultivating a strategic mindset and an ethical approach among designers. Design education should focus on producing thinkers and problem solvers who can navigate complex challenges and contribute positively to society. The telos of design is not only about creating aesthetically pleasing products but also about ensuring that design practices align with ethical and sustainable goals.

Published in

Design for All Institute of India

Year

2022

Authors

Oliver Gerstheimer, Phillip Schütz

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